The Definition of White Collar Crime

In this paper the exciting criminal phenomenon k todayn as clerical annoyance will be discussed. Corporate Crime and information affect agreement Crime will be discussed in detail. Crime preventative agencies such(prenominal) as the NCPC (National Crime Prevention Council) will also be researched. The ripe Professor Edwin Sutherland coined the term clerical discourtesy ab come in 1941. Sutherland defined white- perk up constabulary-breaking as a offensive committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of instruction of his occupation (Siegel 337)White-collar detestation includes, by way of example, such acts as promulgating false or misleading advertising, illegal exploitation of employees, mislabeling of goods, violation of weights and measures statutes, conspiring to decide prices, evading corporeal taxes, estimator crimes, and so on. White-collar crime is most distinctively defined in terms of attitudes toward those who commit it. Thes e crimes be guilty by law, however it is generally regarded by the courts and by sections of the general public as much less reprehensible than crimes usually penalize by the courts.The a nonher(prenominal) lineaments of crime are blue-collar offenses, which are predominately crimes of the under-privileged. White-collar crimes are punished far less harshly than blue-collar crimes, which shows societies attitudes towards the two sections of society. White-collar crime is attractive to criminals beca subprogram it brings material rewards with little or no loss of status. (Taft & England 201) For some, skilled crime is not viewed as a crime at all, because of its non-violent nature. rampageous crime has an immediate and observable advert on its dupe which raises the animosity of the public, whereas white-collar crime frequently goes undetected or is viewed as a bending of the rules. Yet white-collar crime can create the greater havoc. The victim of an assault will recover howe ver, the impact of a dodge can last a lifetime. This is especially true when the elderly are victimized, as they have little or no hope of re-establishing themselves in fiscal terms. Contrary to the popular belief, white-collar criminals are thieves and the methods used to veil their offenses are both artful and ingenious.Concealment of the crime is always an objective lens of the offender, and it becomes an element of the crime itself. Because it is an artful form of deceit, which is s shoot down intacty disguised, the investigation itself is a great deal long and laborious as far as proving criminal absorbed is concerned. The offence itself whitethorn be disguised in a maze of legitimate transactions, which are quite proper if viewed in isolation however, the cumulative effect is the commission of a criminal offence. From the standpoint of the criminal, the ideal white- collar crime is star(a) that will never be recognized or detected as a criminal act.Corporate crime is the type of crime that is engaged in by individuals and groups of individuals who become involved in criminal conspiracies designed to improve the market share or profitability of their corporations. ( Siegel 338) Corporations are legal entities, which can be and are subjected to criminal processes. on that point is today little restriction on the range of crimes for which corporations may be held responsible, though a corporation cannot be imprisoned.The most controversial restoration in regard to the study of corporate crime revolves most the hesitation of whether corporate crime is really crime. Corporate officials, politicians, and numerous an(prenominal) criminologists object to the criminological study of corporate criminality on the strictest sense of the word. The conventional and strictly legal definition of crime is that it is an act, which violates the criminal law and is thereby punishable by a criminal court. From this perspective a criminal is one who has been convicted in a criminal court.Given these widely usurped notions of crime and criminals, it is argued that what is called corporate crime is not really crime and should not be considered as such by either the public or criminologists. (Hochstedler 22) It does come forth that now in re centime times society has had a suppuration concern about white-collar and corporate crime. Studies have indicated that the public now judges white-collar criminality to be more sound than it had been in the past, peck now have lost confidence in the people running major companies, and most American corporate executives are believed to be dishonest.The publics concern with corporate crime has grown youthfully, entirely has been evident for some(prenominal) years. I will use one of the most memorable corporate crime cases in history The interbreeding Pinto Case to prove my statement. (Cullen/Maakestad/Cavender 43) The crop liability lawsuit and appeal titled Grimshaw v. crossway get phon er is a case in point and ought to be read by e trulyone. Grimshaw is an example of the type of thing that can happen when an industry insolates itself from competition. The Pinto subprogram has very eventful lessons for us all.Its story can teach us much about the power of huge corporations and what corporations can do when they flavour no real competition. It carries an important lesson about how the minds of those who run the worlds colossal corporations work. In November of 1971 the Grays purchased a new 1972 Pinto hatchback manufactured by Ford in October of 1971. The Grays had trouble with the car from the outset. During the first few months of ownership, they had to return the car to the monger for repairs a number of times.Their car conundrums included excessive gas and oil consumption, down shifting of the automatic transmission, lack of power, and occasional stalling. It was by and by knowledgeable that the stalling and excessive fuel consumption were caused by a impenetrable carburetor float. On May 28, Mrs. Gray, accompanied by 13-year-old Richard Grimshaw, set out in the Pinto from Anaheim for Barstow to meet Mr. Gray. The Pinto was then six months old and had been driven some 3,000 miles. Mrs. Gray stopped in San Bernardino for gas pedal, got back onto the freeway (Interstate 15) and proceeded toward her destination at 60 65 miles per hour.As she approached the Route 30 off-ramp where traffic was congested, she travel from the outer fast lane to the middle lane of the freeway. Shortly later this lane change, the Pinto suddenly stalled and coasted to a halt in the middle lane. It was later established that the carburetor float had become so saturated with gasoline that it suddenly sank, opening the float chamber and causing the engine to glut and stall. A car traveling immediately behind the Pinto was able to curve and pass it still the driver of a 1962 Ford Galaxie was unable to reverse colliding with the Pinto.The Galaxie had be en traveling from 50 to 55 miles per hour but before the impact had been braked to a speed of 28 to 37 miles per hour. At the moment of impact, the Pinto caught make off and its interior was engulfed in flames. According to the plaintiffs expert, the impact of the Galaxie had driven the Pintos gas armored combat vehicle forward and caused it to be punctured by the flange or one of the bolts on the differential housing so that fuel sprayed from the punctured ice chest and entered the passenger compartment through gaps resulting from the separation of the rear wheel well sections from the scandalise pan.By the time the Pinto came to rest after the collision, both occupants had preserve serious burns. When they emerged from the vehicle, their clothing was almost completely burned off. Mrs. Gray died a few days later of congestive heart failure as a result of the burns. Grimshaw managed to survive but just through heroic medical checkup measures. He has permitne numerous and ex decenniumsive surgeries and skin grafts and was expected to have to undergo additional surgeries over the next 10 years.He lost portions of some(prenominal) fingers on his left hand and portions of his left ear, hile his face required many skin grafts from various portions of his body. This graphic account of these events is needed to grasp the full impact of this tragic situation which could have been avoided by Ford for very minimal price. Each Pinto could have been repaired for $4-$8 a piece. Management knew of these defects but still decided to produce and release the Pinto to the public. The idea for the Pinto, as has been noted, was conceived by Mr. Iacocco sic, the Executive Vice President of Ford. The feasibility study was conducted under the inadvertence of Mr.Robert Alexander, Vice President of Car Engineering. Fords Product Planning Committee, whose members included Mr. Iacocca, Mr. Robert Alexander, and Mr. Harold MacDonald, Fords congregation Vice President of Car E ngineering, approved the Pintos concept and make the purpose to go forward with the project. Harley Copp, a former Ford engineer and executive in charge of the crash testing program, testified that the highest take aim of Fords management make the decision to go forward with the production of the Pinto, knowing that the gas army tank was vulnerable to uncture at low rear impact speeds creating a satisfying risk of death or injury from fire and knowing that fixes were viable at nominal cost.He testified that managements decision was ground on the cost savings, which would inure from omitting the fixes. This was the corporations outright trade of human life for profit. The jury in this case brought in a verdict for the plaintiffs in excess of $128 zillion of which $125 million were punitive damages. There is another very important point to be made by this case.Ford knew that the Pinto was going to kill or burn people because of its design, but, because of the cost savings which would inure from omitting the fixes, Ford decided to let it go. Consider carefully exactly what Ford Motor Company was doing here. One could argue that Ford was conducting cost-benefit analysis. To the Ford executives, the benefits were clear, calculable, and immediately available. Ford would save a few dollars on each Pinto manufactured. The cost would go down in the future day and would not be paid by Ford.Unfortunately, the costs were the lives and permanent injuries of nameless and faceless future consumers. The Pinto would wait to be a prime example of laying off costs. The suffering, the destroyed lives and families apparently were of lowly consideration in the calculations when Ford performed the cost-benefit analysis. Corporate crime has also been count to semipolitical leaders in this country. Corporate crime is a crime of power and profit for the offenders. Large and powerful corporations who have the support of declamatory political leaders can be difficult to pr osecute in corporate crime cases.At the Progress & Freedom Foundation convocation held at the Mayflower Hotel in Washington, D. C. , Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich (R-Georgia) was asked wherefore he spent so much time addressing the issue of pass crime and violence, while ignoring the issue of corporate crime and violence. Gingrich answered, If I went around the country and said, Vote for us and there will be no more white-collar fraud, the average voter will say, I dont think he gets it. But corporate crime is more than just white-collar fraud.And one reason that Gingrich doesnt address the issue of corporate crime susceptibility be because one of the corporations that has brought him to power is Southwire Co. of Carrollton, Georgia. Southwire has close ties to Gingrich, it dominates the political economy of Carroll County, where Gingrichs political career was launched, and it is a corporation with a criminal record. Individuals affiliated with Southwire Co. , including it s captain executive officer, Roy Richards, and its president, James Richards, have donated more than $18,000 to Gingrichs campaigns for Congress during the past ten years.According to the Los Angeles Times, James Richards has also donated 80,200 to GOPAC, the political action committee spearhearded by Gingrich. Computer technology has introduced new factors concerning the types of perpetrators, the forms of assets threatened, and embezzlement methods. ( Radzinowicz 357) Computer crimes generally peg into five categories 1) theft of services 2) use of figurer data for ad hominem gain 3) unauthorized use of calculators employed for various types of financial processing 4) property theft by calculator 5) placing viruses to destroy data.The terms data processor profane and computing machine abuse are also used frequently, but they have solidly different implications. Criminal law recognizes the concepts of unlawful or fraudulent intent and of shoot of right thus, any criminal laws that concern to electronic information processing system crime would need to distinguish betwixt accidental misuse of a computing machine system, negligent misuse of a computer system and intended, unauthorized access to or misuse of a computer system, amounting to computer abuse.Annoying expression must be distinguished from criminal behavior in law. History has shown that a broad range of persons commits computer crime students, amateurs, terrorists and members of organized crime groups. What distinguishes them is the nature of the crime committed. The individual who accesses a computer system without further criminal intent is much different from the employee of a financial institution who skims funds from customer accounts. The typical skill level of the computer criminal is a topic of controversy.Some claim that skill level is not an indicator of a computer criminal, while others claim that potential computer criminals are bright, eager, highly motivated subjects wi lling to accept a technological challenge, characteristics that are also highly desirable in an employee in the data-processing field. According to a number of studies, however, employees represent the largest threat, and indeed computer crime has often been listred to as an insider crime. One study estimated that 90 per cent of frugal computer crimes were committed by mployees of the victimized companies.A recent survey in North America and Europe indicated that 73 per cent of the risk to computer security was attributable to internal sources and only 23 per cent to external criminal activity. The American Bar Association conducted a survey in 1987 of 300 corporations and government agencies, 72 claimed to have been the victim of computer-related crime in the 12-month period prior to the survey, sustaining losses estimated to range from $ one hundred forty-five million to $ 730 million.In 1991, a survey of security incidents involving computer-related crime was conducted at 3,000 Virtual Address Extension (VAX) sites in Canada, Europe and the United States of America. seventy-two per cent of the respondents said that a security incident had put acrossred within the preceding 12-month period 43 per cent indicated that the security incident they had sustained had been a criminal offence. A further 8 per cent were uncertain whether they had sustained a security incident. Similar surveys conducted around the world report significant and widespread abuse and loss.Computer criminals have gained notoriety in the media and appear to have gained more social acceptability than handed-down criminals. The suggestion that the computer criminal is a less harmful individual, however, ignores the obvious. The current threat is real. The future threat will be directly determined by the advances made in computer technology. Although it is difficult to quantify the scope of the computer crime problem, public reports have estimated that computer crime costs us between five hundred million and ten billion dollars per year.The Computer protective covering Institute has surveyed 428 information security specialists in Fortune 500 companies 42% of the respondents indicated that there was an unauthorized use of their computer systems in the last year. and a small portion of computer crimes come to the attention of the law enforcement authorities. While it is possible to give an accurate description of the various types of computer offences committed, it has proved difficult to give an accurate, reliable overview of the extent of losses and the essential number of criminal offences.At its Colloquium on Computer Crimes and Other Crimes against knowledge Technology, held at Wurzburg, Germany, from 5 to 8 October 1992, AIDP released a report on computer crime based on reports of its member countries that estimated that only 5 per cent of computer crime was reported to law enforcement authorities. Law enforcement officials indicate from their hear that re corded computer crime statistics do not represent the certain number of offences the term dark figure, used by criminologists to refer to unreported crime, has been applied to undiscovered computer crimes.The invisibility of computer crimes is based on several factors. First, sophisticated technology, that is, the immense, compact storage capacity of the computer and the speed with which computers function, ensures that computer crime is very difficult to detect. In argumentation to most traditional areas of crime, unknowing victims are often informed after the fact by law enforcement officials that they have sustained a computer crime. Secondly, investigating officials often do not have sufficient educate to deal with problems in the complex environment of data processing.Thirdly, many victims do not have a contingency plan for responding to incidents of computer crime, and they may even fail to acknowledge that a security problem exists. The combat-ready nature of computer tec hnology, compounded by specific considerations and complications in applying traditional laws to this new technology, dictate that the law enforcement, legal and judicial communities must bring out new skills to be able to respond adequately to the challenge presented by computer crime.The growing sophistication of telecommunications systems and the high level of expertise of many system operators complicate significantly the task of regulatory and legal interpolation by law enforcement agencies. If the law enforcement community is expected to deal with the problem of computer crime, adequate training sessions must be implemented. To address computer crime, most police departments are allocating a greater proportion of resources to their economic or fraud investigation divisions, since many types of computer crime occur in the course of line of reasoning transactions or affect financial assets.Accordingly, it is important for investigators to know about business transactions and about the use of computer in business. The ideal situation is to have investigators with not only solid criminal investigation backgrounds but also supplementary technical knowledge. This is similar to the traditional approach, where many police forces ensure that their fraud investigators, although not necessarily accountants, possess a thorough understanding of financial and business record keeping.