Survival of the Marine Corps Essay -- essays research papers fc

SURVIVAL OF THE MARINE CORPSThe Marine Corps diachronic characteristics after the civil War could be based in part on survivability and the need for the Marine Corps to prove its worth to the United States as a Military Force. The Marine Corps part in the Civil War had been small and not altogether impressive. Both the Army and the Navy did not regard the Marine Corps as useful. This paper volition in effect touch on the Marine Corps history from after the Civil War to World War I. It will then converge on a discussion with regards to the fight against the disestablishment of the Marine Corps. (Simmons/Moskin 1998)The Marine Corps found its missionary work in the amphibious landings of several countries to protect American lives and property". Some of these countries included China, Formosa, Japan, Korea, Samoa, Hawaii, Panama, Nicaragua, Uruguay, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Haiti, and Egypt. The United States, having conquered much of North America, was expanding ov erseas. Marines made small-scale landings in receipt to real or perceived affronts to U.S. diplomatic or economic interests. (Simmons/Moskin 1998)In 1883 the byword of the Marine Corps, "Semper Fidelis" (always faithful), was adopted as the official motto of the Marine Corps. Since 1812 the motto, although unofficial, had been "Fortitudine" ("with courage"). The Marine Corps adopted this motto in part because of the fact that in that respect has never been a mutiny, or even the thinking of one, among U.S. Marines. (Website For Young Marines, Online)When America became involved in the splendid little war against Spain when they landed in Cuba. The Marine Corps involvement was again modest with their study feat being the taking of a coaling station for the Navy. (Simmons/Moskin 1998)The day after the war with Spain ended, August 12, American troops began the occupation of Manila. Two battalions of Marines were involved in the attacking the fortified town o f Novaleta. After a third battalion arrived in December the pacification of the Philippines continued. (Simmons/Moskin 1998)The Marine Corps continued to justify its bureau through World War I. The Marine Corps was involved in the Boxer Rebellion in China, Columbia, Cuba, Nicaragua and once again in the Philippines. Although most were pip-squeak scuffles, Marines were about to make their first significant mark in World Wa... ...me. (Warfighting Planning Course Online)It seems from the end of the Civil War to the beginning of the Korean War, there were always certain affiliations that did not see a need for a Marine Corps. In theory this would be correct as even forthwith you can make that argument. Aviation we have the Air Force, for Naval Power we have the Navy and for ground assaults we have the Army.Being a Marine myself I am a bit sensitive on the subject. Although I think there are a multitude of reasons I believe there will always be a Marine Corps, but only one reason mak es all the others seem mute. There will always be a Marine Corps because the American People want a Marine Corps. BIBLIOGRAPHYMillett, Allan R., Semper Fidelis A History of the United States Marine Corps (New York The Free Press, 1991).Simmons, Edwin Howard, ed. and Moskin, J. Robert, ed. The Marines The Marine hereditary pattern Foundation, Levin Associates, 1998. Sturkey, Marion F., Warrior Culture. Heritage Press International, 2nd Ed., 2003. wanakiinfi.net, REMacauthor, Online. Warfighting Planning Course USMC in National Military Strategy Website for Young Marines Common Sayings and Quotations, Chadduck Enterprises. 1999

Abnormal Psychology and Othello Essay -- Othello essays

To what extent is the science of subnormal psychology involved in the characterization in William Shakespeares tragical drama Othello? This essay will answer that question. Blanche Coles in Shakespeares quatern Giants affirms the Bards commitment to abnormal psychology, and his employment of like in this dictation That Shakespeare was keenly interested in the study of the abnormal mind is commonly accepted among students. . . . The suggestion that Iago may have been intentionally move as a psychopathic personality is not new. . . . Even a casual scrutiny of a book on case histories of psychopathic patients will find Iago peeping give away from many of its pages. Still more, Iagos name will be found appearing occasionally in bold print in books on abnormal psychology.(89-90) Evidence of the ancients psychopathic personality is seen early in the play. He manipulates the wealthy Roderigo into awakening the senator Brabantio (Ro apply him make after him, poison his please) and th en he utters very offensive smutty lines about a black ram and white ewe, which indicate the way his crazy mind operates. He seems to be incite by love of m iodiney which he has been receiving from Roderigo for some time (thou, Iago, who hast had my purse / As if the strings were thine). Iago himself says that he is motivated by retaliate on the Moor (I follow him to serve my turn upon him) because of the promotion of Michael Cassio to the lieutenancy. But regardless of the question of motivation, it is a fact that Iago hasnt a one true friend in the play in his disordered personality he can only manipulate or use people he is incapable of loving them. His manipulation of his global repeats time and again from the first meeting Nay, but he... ... To the Propontic and the Hellespont, Even so my bloody thoughts, with dotty pace, Shall neer grimace back, neer ebb to humble love, Till that a capable and wide revenge Swallow them up. (3.3) Iago is so in control of the genera ls writhen mind that he specifies how the Moor should kill Desdemona Strangle her in her bed, even the bed she hath contaminated. And the general dutifully responds, Excellent good The overenthusiastic answer causes one to suspect that the ancients psychopathology has taken possession of the Moor. WORKS CITED Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos. Coles, Blanche. Shakespeares Four Giants. Rindge, New Hampshire Richard metalworker Publisher, 1957. Abnormal Psychology and Othello Essay -- Othello essaysTo what extent is the science of abnormal psychology involved in the characterization in William Shakespeares tragic drama Othello? This essay will answer that question. Blanche Coles in Shakespeares Four Giants affirms the Bards commitment to abnormal psychology, and his employment of same in this play That Shakespeare was keenly interested i n the study of the abnormal mind is commonly accepted among students. . . . The suggestion that Iago may have been intentionally drawn as a psychopathic personality is not new. . . . Even a casual scrutiny of a book on case histories of psychopathic patients will find Iago peeping out from many of its pages. Still more, Iagos name will be found appearing occasionally in bold print in books on abnormal psychology.(89-90) Evidence of the ancients psychopathic personality is seen early in the play. He manipulates the wealthy Roderigo into awakening the senator Brabantio (Rouse him make after him, poison his delight) and then he utters very offensive smutty lines about a black ram and white ewe, which indicate the way his sick mind operates. He seems to be motivated by love of money which he has been receiving from Roderigo for some time (thou, Iago, who hast had my purse / As if the strings were thine). Iago himself says that he is motivated by revenge on the Moor (I follow him to serv e my turn upon him) because of the promotion of Michael Cassio to the lieutenancy. But regardless of the question of motivation, it is a fact that Iago hasnt a single true friend in the play in his disordered personality he can only manipulate or use people he is incapable of loving them. His manipulation of his general repeats time and again from the first meeting Nay, but he... ... To the Propontic and the Hellespont, Even so my bloody thoughts, with violent pace, Shall neer look back, neer ebb to humble love, Till that a capable and wide revenge Swallow them up. (3.3) Iago is so in control of the generals contorted mind that he specifies how the Moor should kill Desdemona Strangle her in her bed, even the bed she hath contaminated. And the general dutifully responds, Excellent good The enthusiastic answer causes one to suspect that the ancients psychopathology has taken possession of the Moor. WORKS CITED Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeto n University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos. Coles, Blanche. Shakespeares Four Giants. Rindge, New Hampshire Richard Smith Publisher, 1957.

Hamlets Soliloquies Essays -- Essays Papers

Hamlets Soliloquies The soliloquies spoken by Hamlet were directed to the audience, rather than seeming corresponding conversations with himself. In the startle soliloquy, Hamlet talks about how aggravated at life he is and that if it werent for Gods laws he would commit suicide. He is not truly morning his tyros death in this soliloquy but more his disgust for his mother for marring his uncle especially a few months after his fathers death. He then goes on to explain he must remain silent. He is explaining to the audience that nothing can undo the situation to recognise it any better. only that isnt good enough for Hamlet. Something has to be done. This soliloquy sparks an interest in the reader and provides a glimpse into Hamlets thoughts opus informing the audience of the history of his familys tribulations. In the second soliloquy Hamlet calls on the audience, the distracted globe, to hear his vow to get visit on his uncle and to eat up all from his mind ex cept that of what the ghost had informed him of. The ghost, Hamlets father, had explained to him that Cl... Hamlets Soliloquies Essays -- Essays PapersHamlets Soliloquies The soliloquies spoken by Hamlet were directed to the audience, rather than seeming like conversations with himself. In the first soliloquy, Hamlet talks about how aggravated at life he is and that if it werent for Gods laws he would commit suicide. He is not really morning his fathers death in this soliloquy but more his disgust for his mother for marring his uncle especially a few months after his fathers death. He then goes on to explain he must remain silent. He is explaining to the audience that nothing can undo the situation to make it any better. But that isnt good enough for Hamlet. Something has to be done. This soliloquy sparks an interest in the reader and provides a glimpse into Hamlets thoughts while informing the audience of the history of his familys tribulations. In the second soliloquy Hamlet calls on the audience, the distracted globe, to hear his vow to get revenge on his uncle and to erase all from his mind except that of what the ghost had informed him of. The ghost, Hamlets father, had explained to him that Cl...

The Use of Simulations in Education Essay -- Teaching Education Essays

The Use of Simulations in EducationAbstractThe purpose of my paper is to define good examples, discuss their value for educational purposes, and check into some possible concerns regarding their use.Simulations Defined Simulations offer society the opportunity to play out strategic moves to see the outcome before actually committing oneself to a real-life plan. They can, for instance, present biologists to explore the growth of cells, network managers to analyze the flow of information, city planners to play through complex growth and pollution scenarios, school children to experience the fragility of forage webs, and more (Ioannidou and Repenning, 1999, p.1). Due to a desire to develop models that deal with highly, complex phenomena or issues, computer simulations were born. The basis for their creation was strongly linked with technological innovation. increase access to computer simulation tools has therefore facilitated the exploration of complex issues, which were fo rmerly beyond reach victimisation the more traditional analytical methods (Windrum, 1999, p.1) Simulations have give-up the ghost a new way of communicating, much like e-mail only interactive. A simulation requires a computer with high resolution graphics, Internet access, and if using the web, interactive simulations can be accessed through web browsers (Ioannidous and Repenning, p.1). According to Ioannidou and Repenning, simulations are a powerful communication tool for exchanging complex ideas. When packaged as chocolate applets, simulations are also a good way to convey these ideas everywhere and support distance learning (p.1). One recent example of a simulation that we, as a class, had the opportunity to investigate was posted on the list s... ...quires more than just good software. For business and industry as well as education, to go real advantage of this software, they have to show a real commitment to training and education (Garnet, p. 3). References Chapma n, Kenneth Sorge, Christine. (1999). Can a simulation help achieve syllabus objectives? An exploratory study investigating differences among instructional tools. Journal of Education for Business Vol. 74 (pp. 225). Garnett, Jeremy. (1999). The last word on simulation. IIE Solutions Vol. 31 (p. 45). Ioannidou, Andri Repenning, Alexander. (1999). End-User programmable simulations. Dr. Dobbs Journal Vol. 24 (p. 40). Lopez, Asbel. (1999). belie for real. UNESCO Courier Vol. 52 (p. 14). Windrum, Paul. (1999). Simulation models of technological innovation. American Behavioral Scientist Vol. 42 (p. 1531).

Comparing the Love of Romeo and Juliet, Twelfth Night and the Bible Ess

No emotion has such universal meaning as wonder. It is an intrinsic part of the human condition. hunch is the basis for by which all other emotions can be gauged. Friendship and even grief are steeped in love. Love is so central to our lives that it is fitting and proper that it should be the topic of so much discussion. Every culture and every writer has some commentary or rating of love. The New Testament has its share of love commentary. The entire basis of the Christian tradition is Gods love for humanity. God so loved the world that he gave his only Son. (John 36) Jesus pr to each oneed a great deal about love of neighbor, love of God and even love of enemies. (Matt 544) Shakespeares Biblical experience is well known and he was certainly familiar with these concepts as he wrote his plays on the subject of love. By looking closely at his works, we can examine the nature of true love. In Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare gives an example of true love overcome by tragic fate. Hi s star-crossed lovers are so madly in love with each other that they cannot live without being together. (RJ Prologue, 6) By contrast, in 12th Night the characters are so fickle that they switch love interests in the span of a few lines. By comparing the true love of Romeo and Juliet with the shallow love of Twelfth Night, it becomes clear that Shakespeare agrees with the Biblical assessment of love. It is necessary, of course, to begin by explaining what the Biblical evaluation of love is. Of all the references to love in the Bible, and there are many, three sources apply best to this discussion. In the Old Testament, Song of Songs, a descriptive love poem between a woman and her true love, has many parallels to love in Romeo an... ...nd Juliet, Critical Essays. Garland Publishing, New York (c)1993 Palmer, D.J. Twelfth Night and the myth of Echo and Narcissus. in Shakespeare pile 32. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (c)1979 Parker, Barbara. A Precious Seeing, Love and R eason in Shakeswpeares Plays. New York University Press, New York (c)1987 Shaheen, Naseeb. Shakespeares Knowledge of the Bible -- How Aquired in Shakespeare Studies XX. Burt Franklin & Co., New York (c)1988 Shakespeare, William. Romeo and Juliet. Cliffs Notes, Lincoln (c)1965 Shakespeare, William. Twelfth Night. Cliffs Notes, Lincoln (c)1965 Summers, Joseph H. The Masks of Twelfth Night in Twentieth Century Interpretations of Twelfth Night. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs (c)1968 Vyvyan, John. Shakespeare and the Rose of Love. Chatto & Windus, London (c)1960

Comparing the Love of Romeo and Juliet, Twelfth Night and the Bible Ess

No emotion has such universal meaning as deal. It is an integral part of the human condition. Love is the basis for by which alone other emotions can be gauged. Friendship and even grief argon steeped in love. Love is so central to our lives that it is fitting and proper that it should be the yield of so much discussion. Every culture and every writer has some commentary or evaluation of love. The newfangled Testament has its share of love commentary. The inbuilt basis of the Christian tradition is Gods love for humanity. God so loved the world that he gave his only Son. (John 36) Jesus preached a great take aim about love of neighbor, love of God and even love of enemies. (Matt 544) Shakespeares Biblical knowledge is well known and he was certainly familiar with these concepts as he wrote his plays on the subject of love. By looking closely at his works, we can analyze the nature of true love. In Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare gives an example of true love overcome by tragic fate. His star-crossed lovers are so madly in love with each other that they cannot live without being together. (RJ Prologue, 6) By contrast, in twelfth part Night the characters are so fickle that they switch love interests in the span of a few lines. By comparing the true love of Romeo and Juliet with the change love of Twelfth Night, it becomes clear that Shakespeare agrees with the Biblical assessment of love. It is necessary, of course, to begin by explaining what the Biblical evaluation of love is. Of all the references to love in the Bible, and there are numerous, three sources apply best to this discussion. In the Old Testament, Song of Songs, a descriptive love poem between a woman and her true love, has many parallels to love in Romeo an... ...nd Juliet, Critical Essays. Garland Publishing, New York (c)1993 Palmer, D.J. Twelfth Night and the myth of Echo and Narcissus. in Shakespeare Survey 32. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (c)1979 Parker, Barbara. A Preci ous Seeing, Love and Reason in Shakeswpeares Plays. New York University Press, New York (c)1987 Shaheen, Naseeb. Shakespeares Knowledge of the Bible -- How Aquired in Shakespeare Studies XX. Burt Franklin & Co., New York (c)1988 Shakespeare, William. Romeo and Juliet. Cliffs Notes, Lincoln (c)1965 Shakespeare, William. Twelfth Night. Cliffs Notes, Lincoln (c)1965 Summers, Joseph H. The Masks of Twelfth Night in Twentieth Century Interpretations of Twelfth Night. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs (c)1968 Vyvyan, John. Shakespeare and the rosiness of Love. Chatto & Windus, London (c)1960

Relationship between continental drift and the formation of the Earth’s Oceans

1) Explain the alliance between continental drift and the formation of the Earths Oceans?-The relationship between continental drift and the formation of the Earths Oceans stems from plate movement that occurred on Earth. There is a theory that all the continents were once all one big piece of land named Pangaea, and over millions and millions of years the land of Pangaea started to split apart into many different continents. It divided Panthalassa, the large global nautical that surrounded the supercontinent Pangaea, into many different oceans instead of just one big one and now we have many various oceans around the world.2) How did volcanoes affect the origins of the seas?-Volcanoes alter the origins of the seas because many gasses are released during a volcantic eruption including water vapor. Water vapor was the main contributor to where the primary ocean waters originated from. This is because the water vapor condensates afterward being gassed out of the volcanoes, once th e condensation occurs then precipitation is created.3) Describe the hydrologic cycle as if you were a particle of water going through it.If I were a particle traveling though the hydrologic cycle I would being by floating on top of the ocean and soaking up the suns heat, belatedly after absorbing the heat I would lift up into the air as water vapor. After chilling in the sky for a exact bit I would find a nice crowded dark cloud to sit inside and eventually once it got too full I would fall back onto the ground as a snow flake on to a tall mountain. After resting on the mountain all spend once spring came along I would melt off the side of the mountain and into a lake.

All Animals Are Equal Essay

In order to understand Peter Singers article All Animals Are Equal, bingle has to look at his viewpoint and perspective. Singer is a utilitarian, which is someone who believes that best outcome is something that causes that grea study amount of pleasure (or the least amount of incommode) for the gr eat upest proceeds of people. However, in this definition the word people is apply, as to mean only humans. This is the point that Singer is trying to argue. Who is to say that animals dont feel pain or experience happiness? Singer believes in the equal consideration of interests, and that we should extend this basic principle to other species.In Singers early point on extending equal consideration, he poses the question, if a lesser intelligence can non be used to morally discriminate against humans, then how can it be used to discriminate against animals? Singer explains that hes not saying both groups should be treated exactly the same, because there be differences between species , therefore they should train different rights. Singer states, The interests of every being affected by an action are to be taken into account and given the same weight as the resembling interests of every other being (LaFollette, 110). For a being to have interests, they must have the capability to enjoy life and suffer. He points out that any animal would have an interest in not being tormented, so it does not suffer. We could be sure that animals feel pain based on the particular that they show the same signs used by humans that show they feel pain. For example, if a person would to step on a dogs roll in the hay he might bark, the same as if a human had their hand slammed in the door they would yell.Singer brings up the issue of sexism and racism. No matter how we whitethorn try to look at it, not all humans are equal. He argues, a persons sex is no guide to his or her abilities, and this is why it is unjustifiable to discriminate on the basis of sex (LaFollette, 109), and t he same goes for racism basing a persons abilities based on the color of their spit out is just as absurd. Racism and sexism are both morally wrong, therefore so is speciesism.Another point the Singer brings up is how humans let their witness interests take priority over other species. The fact that we eat animals shows that wethink of them as nothing more than a means to our ends. This is true because there are other, more nutritional, ways to meet our needs. By doing this we cause additional suffering for animals. Moreover, the cruel behavior that we put these animals through before they are killed for us to eat. yet another type of discrimination we perform on these animals is experimentation to see the affects of substances and if they are safe on humans. Basically, animal experimentation and consumption is wrong only if we were willing to perform the same acts on a human with similar capabilities.Singer reasons that, a full-grown horse or dog is beyond likeness a more rat ional, as well as a more conversable animal, than an baby of a day, or a week, or eve a month (LaFollette, 110). He argues that if we cannot experiment on humans with severe brain damage or defective infants, then we should not experiment on animals. Furthermore, killing animals for pabulum would be the same as killing these humans for food. Singer is saying that if instead of treating these defective infants that dont stand a chance, we should use them to test medical treatments, which in the end is the greater good for more people.The last aspect of speciesism that Singer talks about is philosophers trying to draw a distinct, trim line between the equality of humans and animals. However, in order to include all humans it would have to be a broad generalized definition, which could not go without including some animals also. Though an infant may not have superior characteristics to that of a dog, doesnt mean that we can research on the infant though it is looked at as quite all right to do research on a dog.Singer presents a sound argument on the rights of animals. As I have pointed out, all of his premises are true, and well backed up. For the most part I chalk up with his argument, except for the point he made on experimenting with infants or disabled humans. Though he did present his point well and backed it up, that just seemed to be the most controversial statement. I can understand his point of view of experimenting on a perfectly healthy animal who can feel pain, so why not a person who doesnt have much of a future ahead, however I dont agree with it. It comes down to quality of life. It might live as a hypothetical situation about some unknown infant, but whatfamily would actually give up their child for experimentation? Or even a loved one who may be disabled? There is an emotional standpoint that I think Singer needs to address.Furthermore, I agree that since there are other means of getting the nutrition that we need, people should make an ef fort to eat less meat. Nonetheless, people will continue to eat meat due to the fact that they ignorant as to what exactly the animals go through before they are killed for us to eat. Personally, I believe that that is how people like it. Then that way they dont have to feel guilty every time they pick up a hamburger, and they can just go on enjoying it. This is a controversial topic, and Singer proved his point that animals should be extended the equality of consideration that a person shows his own species.LaFollette, Hugh. Ethics in Practice. Published 1997. Copyright 1997, 2002.Singers Utilitarian Animal Rights. April 20, 2004.

O How Human Resource Management Has Developed in the Past Few Years to Become an Integral Part of Our Organizations?

Essay Question How Human Resource Management has developed in the past few years to become an integral incision of our organizations? major Field of Study Human Resource Management. Human Resource Management has developed in the past few years to become an integral part of our organization. According to Armstrong, Michael (2006), The terms Human Resource Management (HRM) and human resources (HR) have largely replaced the term personnel management (PM) as a description of the processes knotted in managing concourse in organizations.In simple words PM means to describe activities that are needful in the recruiting of a workforce, providing its members with payroll and benefits, and administrating their work-life needs. Torrington and residency (1987 p. 49) define PM as a series of activities which first enable working people and their employing organizations to agree about the objectives and nature of their working relationship and, secondly, ensures that the balance is fulfille d and Miller (1987 p. 52) suggests that HRM relates to . those decisions and actions which concern the management of employees at all levels in the business and which are related to the implementation of strategies directed towards creating and sustaining competitive advantage. The beforehand(predicate) debate about HRM was conducted largely because of the absence of any data about actual practice. In recent years though much more information, both from large-scale surveys and from detailed case studies has become available.The growing body of research that seeks to examine the impact of HRM policies and practices on organizational outcome has come to a commonplace solution saying that when individuals effectively implement these policies and practices, they provide significant economic benefit to the company. In order to learn the skills to practice good HRM in the workforce, it is interconnected with many known courses of todays date. Lets take an example about one of the key f unctions of HRM, namely staffing.A person with a high level of understanding in HRM may be able to hire, recruit and train the best employees. Ensure they are high performers and deal with mathematical process issues better, and most importantly is able to approach management in such a way that motivate an individual person to contribute to the achievement of the objectives of the business. or so other functions of HRM include learning about managing your approach to employee benefits and compensation, employee records and personnel policies. _An organization is no liaison without human resources.It is a lot of factories, expensive equipment and some impressive savings bank balances (Low & Mourel, 1986). _The number of organizations around the world recognizing HRM as an integral part of their success is increasing every day. One of the main reasons for this is because when employers are hiring managers, one of the qualities they look for is if the employee has a high skill level in HRM. HRM is management, but management is more than HRM. Management normally includes marketing, budgetary control, production, operations control, finance and development.Because the purpose of HRM is to improve the fertile contribution of people, it is intimately related to these aspects of management. All managers are involved in managing people and the management of an organizations human resource. And because of this HRM is becoming an area which is on a regular basis researched and developed further. Having done a course on HRM or even as a part of a course is becoming a necessary skill. Whether or not HRM is a profession has been questioned a lot (Jenks, July-Aug. ).What is not in question is that HR managers should be professional in terms of their qualifications and slaying (Chruden and Sherman, 1984). The debate about HRM was conducted in the early days about the lack of research material on the subject is quickly turning into a thing of the past. More and more insti tutions are offering a course about HRM, and more and more people are learning from it. In order to be a good manager the HRM skills are required more in todays date. Hardly a week goes by without the publication of some other book on HRM.There are numerous handbooks, textbooks, encyclopedias, research and casebooks about HRM Businesses are getting globalised which means that as a manager of a plane section you may have communicate and manage people from lots of different cultures. Your duties may involve promotion, downsizing and performance reviews. You will have to do these with people from many different cultures, and to do these tasks you will require a higher understanding of HRM, which all in turn will lead to the organizations progress and profit. References Armstrong, Michael (2006).A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice (10th ed. ) J. M. Jenks, Lets stop professionalizing, Personnel Journal, vol 37, no. 3 July-Aug H. J. Chruden and J. W. Sherman, Managing Human Resources, 7th edition, 1984, p. 13 slam S. Low, Mark P. Mourell, Stephen P. Robbins, Managing Human Resources, , 1986, p. 2, chapter 1 Bachelor Of International Hospitality Management (2009), Retrieved September 1, 2009, from http//www. aut. ac. nz/study-at-aut/study-areas/hospitalitytourism/qualifications/undergraduate-courses/bachelor-of-international-hospitality-management-human-resources

Role and Performance of Government and Ngos in Relie F

ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY diary OF coetaneous RESEARCH IN BUSINESS JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 Role and transaction of authorities and NGOs in reprieve Assistance A Case Study of 2005 Earthquake61 Khalil Ahmad(Corresponding author) Assistant Professor of Economics University of the Punjab, Lahore Tanveer Ahmed Naveed Lecturer, Department of Economics University of Gujrat Sami Ullah Lecturer, Department of Economics University of Gujrat Tahir Rashid Ph. D.Scholar at politics College University, Lahore (Pakistan) Abstract This study investigates the role and performance of Pakistan administration and humanitarian agencies during succour and emergency aid assist to 2005 quake victims. This comparative study is establish on empirical information collected from 30 just about modify villages of NWFP (Pakistan) and AJK through a sample survey on 1st anniversary of 2005 temblor. to a greater extent or less 500 randomly selected heads of the families were interviewed in the sampled argona.Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon assay is employ to liken the backup man assistance provision and satisfaction shown by sufferers toward political relation agencies and Non- organizational boldnesss (NGOs) during reliever program. period Chi-Squire test is used only to investigate the relationship between affected areas and respondents demographic characteristics. Evidently, results show that the NGOs provided more rest items in a better way to victims of 2005 quake than did the Government of Pakistan. This study will be helpful in disaster management planning at government and non-governmental levels.Keywords Performance Earthquake NGOs Government respite Efforts BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION Pakistan experienced a destructive earthquake on October 8, 2005, at 850 PST, intensity of 7. 6 measuring on Richter scale. Arguably, this was the most devastating disaster in Pakistans history. The earthquake epicenter was located one hundred kilometers north-northeast of Islama bad. Intensity of losses increased by a serial of aftershocks, more than 1000 aftershocks ranging from magnitude 5. 0 to 6. 0 were recorded as of October 27th in IndiaPakistan Kashmir region. 61 Authors are very thankful to PATTAN outgrowth Organization (National NGO) and Dr.S. M. Naseem for financial help and motivation in study conduction COPY RIGHT 2011 prove of interdisciplinary Business Research 1726 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY diary OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 At least 73,000 mickle had died, another 70,000 had been severely injured or disabled and over 2. 8 million persons have been left without shelter. In addition, 600,000 houses, 6,298 schools and 796 health facilities were demolished. About 6,440 kilo meters roads were damaged and 50-70% of the water supply, sanitation, telecommunication and power infrastructure was rendered un-operational. Pakistan 2006) It is nearly unthinkable to figure out exact economic impact of earthquak e 2005. In total, about US$5. 2 billion was estimated cost of earthquake includes cost of succour provision to victims, restoration of livelihood mount and short, medium and long term reconstruction (ADB and World Bank, 2005). The most immediate task was save of people confine in collapsed buildings and to transport them at safer places on with provision of relief to survivors to save the lives and to secure the dignity of affected nation (ERRA, yearly Review 2005 to 2006).The Government of Pakistan promptly realized the enormity of the task and appealed to the international community for emergency assistance. The Government of Pakistan and national & international agencies took immediate measures for rescue, relief and reconstruction for 3. 5 million affected people of NWFP and AJK. Gener wholey, donor agencies and the external sources prefer to channelize emergency assistance to disaster victims through international and/or indigenous NGOs due to all permeant corruption an d misappropriation of relief funds on the part of the Governments.The government of Pakistan and participating slocal, national, and international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) with the help of domestic and external sources initiated massive rescue and relief activities in the area. (ERRA, Annual Review 2005 to 2006) Both, government of Pakistan and NGOs played important role in relief dispersion and rehabilitation activities. Government of Pakistan established the central coordination spot sporty for rescue and relief started to work at Prime Minister (PM) Secretariat immediately after the earthquake.Federal Relief Commission was established on 10th October 2005 to think all resources, to coordinate activities and to facilitate flow of relief goods (ERRA, Annual Review 2005 to 2006). The Federal Relief Commission (FRC) of Pakistan Government, Armed Forces, International donors, UN agencies and local NGOs joined turn over to undertake the huge operation for delivering em ergency relief against challenges such as mountainous terrain, distant and difficult to access communities, changing weather conditions, resource constraint, and elicit suffering of the people.On March 31st 2006, the Government of Pakistan officially ended the Relief phase and the Federal Relief Commission (FRC) was subsumed into Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation liberty (ERRA). Government of Pakistan, NGOs and international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) performed different rescue, relief and rehabilitation activities during the first year of the 2005 disaster. Relief provided by FRC with assistance from foreign governments, INGOs, NGOs, individuals and corporate sponsors are summarized in add-in 1.COPY RIGHT 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1727 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS hold over 1 Joint Relief Delivered to the Affected Population Relief Goods and Services Temporary Shelters to Famil ies Tents Blankets / Quilts Ration( in tons) Medicines (in tons) Field Hospitals Established Field /Mobile Medical Teams Sorties Flown Quantity 385,000 951,790 6,361,090 256,376 3053. 76 65 86 30,334 JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 Source ERRA, Annual Review 2005 to 2006 (From October 2005 to March 2006)Empirical studies suggest that nations with greater resources, better awareness and preparedness are more able to fixate and move to normality faster than poor and less prepared nations during disasters. According to the Mid-America Earthquake Center, the biggest earthquakes in the region (Pakistan & India) are yet-to-come (Boyd 2006, p. 1). Theoretical studies indicate that the energy stored along the Himalayan arc suggests a high probability of several massive earthquakes of magnitude (greater than) 8. 0 in the future (Shaheen 2007, p. ) Theoretical studies indicate that the energy stored along the Himalayan arc suggests a high probability of several massive earthquakes of magnitude (greate r than) 8. 0 in the future (Shaheen 2007, p. 1). Research on disasters could be used as a tool for creating better preparedness to combat with future disasters. go on, it helps formulate a comprehensive strategy for disaster management. This research study ground on Pakistans experience and response to disaster 2005 would be of greater importance for other countries facing similar disasters.Objectively, researchers have investigated various aspects of the 2005 earthquake. However, this study sheds light on role, responsibilities and performance of Governmental institutions and Non-governmental organizations during rescue and relief efforts. This study compares performance of the Pakistan government with NGOs with regard to management and distribution of emergency aid to 2005 earthquake victims during and immediately after the disaster.This comparison is based on data obtained from three most affected areas of NWFP (Pakistan) and AJK through a sample survey conducted on earthquake victims in October 2006, on the 1st anniversary of 2005 earthquake. Literature Review Pakistan is prone to frequent disasters that inflicted severe losses to property and lives. More frequent disasters are floods, droughts and earthquakes. However, the history reveals that earthquakes were the wipe up disasters regarding losses to lives (ERRA, Annual Review 2005 to 2006).In 1950, Pakistan witnessed the first severe flood disaster that claimed 2910 lives and affected more than 10,000 villages. Since then, floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes and landslides have been striking with regular intervals but none of the nonparallel governments could ever devise a comprehensive strategy for disaster management (A Review of DMP&S in Pakistan). There was a major earthquake in Quetta, Balochistan, in COPY RIGHT 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1728 ijcrb. webs. comINTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 1935 when the entire city was destroyed. From 1974 to 1990, approximately 5669 people were killed due to earthquakes in the Northern Areas (NA), NWFP and Balochistan (A Review of DMP&S in Pakistan). A brief history of earthquakes in Pakistan along with intensity and resulting human losses is given in Table 2. Table 2 Details of Earthquakes in Pakistan Date May 31, 1935 November 28, 1945 December 28, 1974 October 8, 2005 October 29, 2008 Magnitude 7. 7. 8 6. 2 7. 6 6. 4 Deaths 30,000 60,000 4,000 5,300 80,000 215 Injuries and Destruction Tsunami 17,000 injured 3. 5 million people homeless 120,000 homeless District/Province Ali Jaan, Balochistan Balochistan Hunza, Hazara and Swat Muzaffarabad (AJK) Ziarat District, Quetta Source www. wikipedia. org. com As Pakistan is in a seismic belt, therefore, it suffers from frequent earthquakes of small magnitudes. Mountain ranges of Koh-e-Suleman, Hindu Kush and Karakorum are signifi sesstly vulnerable.The devastation can be immense because of the poor graphic s ymbol of buildings and housing (A Review of DMP&S in Pakistan). During the 2005 earthquake a large number of government buildings constructed by the contractors in AJK and Balakot area, collapsed in the first jerk of the quake. This is the general impression of the people in the earthquake devastated areas that between 30 and 60 per cent of funds for government buildings, including schools, are spoiled by corrupt officials. Contractors public of such kickbacks spend less on quality materials resulting in poorly constructed buildings.Therefore, systemic corruption in government construction projects would be directly liable for the devastating losses of next generation in northern areas of Pakistan (Shaheen, 2008). In addition, there was no adequate crisis management structure in Pakistan prior to the 2005 earthquake and none have any past experience to deal with such severe natural disasters. Although, the army and several NGO groups took the initiative in launching rescue and r elief efforts, however, the onerous responsibility of reconstruction and rebuilding rested on the government (Prakash Ouis, 2001). march on, high dependence on natural resources makes communities vulnerable in particular to changes in resource condition (Pomeroy et al. , 2006). Mostly, all-pervasive corruption and abuse of relief aid by Government agencies and bureaucratic style of humanitarian organizations distracts them from the needs of the people they are supposed to assist, in favor of other values that their institutional frameworks dictate (Binini, 2006).This claim was tested by investigating the response to the Pakistan 2005 earthquake and a close together(predicate) look at data suggests that there was not an optimal match between survivor needs and relief deliveries (Binini, 2006). A certain degree of coordination misery is, of course, inevitable in disasters of this scale. However, Pakistans domestic and external political situation made such co-ordination even more p roblematic and highlighted the need for a stinkpot up strategy to tap the resources at the local and grass-root levels.Literature re incloses different strategies adopted by the world by learning from experiences, how to combat with future disasters, how one can better prepare to face less socio-economic and COPY RIGHT 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1729 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 human losses. Many countries like Italy adopted insurance policy measures to combat natural catastrophes (Amendola, 2000). This raises the question whether government agencies and NGOs played the requisite role during relief phase of 2005 earthquake?Did the government or NGOs performed better during provision of relief aid to victims. Whether the international donations and NGO development programs aimed at step-down vulnerability to earthquakes are an appropriate response to the earthquake hazard or not ( Shaheen, 2008). Are earthquake victims satisfied that relief provided by Government and NGOs was jibe to their need and secured dignity during relief disbursement? So did Pakistan learn any lesson? If yes, what policy planning Pakistan adopted for future Disaster Risk Mitigation?These all aspects are required to investigate for better preparedness, mitigation and for future disaster response. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role and performance of government of Pakistan and humanitarian agencies during relief and emergency aid assistance of 2005 earthquake victims. Further to evaluate, comparatively who performed better. This study will be helpful in disaster management planning at government and non-government levels. Typically, this study is unique in its nature and will be an imperative contribution to the body of research concerning disaster management in Pakistan.Methodology and entropy collection The primary source of data for this research was field surve y conducted in October 2006, immediately after the Pakistan government earthquake emergency relief assistance programs ended. About 500 household heads in the most affected districts (areas) of Pakistan and Kashmir Mansehra, Bagh and Muzaffarabad were contacted to investigate the role and performance of Government agencies and NGOs in various rescue, relief and rehabilitation programs. While survey team couldnt conduct interviews in fourth most affected district Batagram due to adverse circumstances (i. . cultural, religious and political reasons, at the particular moment). Individual household was the basic sampling unit. A household is a group of people in a dwelling unit reinforcement together as a family and sharing the same kitchen (PAUL 2003). In the first stage of the design of the survey, out of nine, three most affected districts were selected. In the mho stage, 15 most affected union councils were selected (5 UCs in each district). In the third stage, 30 villages or Moha lahs (for urban) were randomly selected.As affected area is consisted of diversified topography, so to find impartial and faultless response urban and rural localities were also considered. Similarly, mannish and female respondents were selected proportionately to find statistically reliable and significant results. A comprehensive questionnaire containing demographic reading of respondents followed by data relating to socio-economic impact of disaster along with opinion questions with regard to the distribution of inflict relief by the government and NGOs were asked to household heads. A household head is defined as the person who makes the major economic, social, and household decisions, irrespective of this individuals age and gender (PAUL 2003). Key Questions 1. Comparatively, who performed better during rescue and relief phase of 2005 earthquake, the NGOs or Government of Pakistan? COPY RIGHT 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1730 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDI SCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 a. Who provided more relief to the 2005 earthquake victims in the emergency/relief phase? . To what extent 2005 earthquake victims are satisfied with the Government and NGOs performance Performance is measured by both provision of relief items to affectees and satisfaction level shown by respondents toward Government agencies and NGOs. Relief includes following items rescue, transportation, shelters, food, bedding, cooking utensils, information and awareness, education, training, money, health facilities that were essentially required soon after disaster to survivors to live with dignity.Whereas variable government includes Army, ERRA, PERRA, DRU, Local Administration, Federal Government, and other governmental institutions that took part in rescue and relief phase. Moreover, Non-governmental Organizations includes indigenous NGOs, International NGOs, UN Agencies. Analysis Techniques To analyze the amount of external support provided to the afectees by the government and to test whether the amount of received support was in accordance with their socio-economic conditions, chi-square test of association and Mann-Whitney Test (nonparametric tests) are used.Chi-Squire test is used only to investigate the relationship between affected areas and respondents demographic characteristics (occupation, education, elicit and locality). Mann-Whitney Test is used to determine if a difference exists between performances of two groups Government and NGOs. Unlike t-test, Mann-Whitney Test does not require normal distribution of data (MacFarland, 1998). Subsequent abbreviation is performed by using the SPSS.The nature of the relationship between socio-economic indicators receipt of assistance will be helpful for evaluation of the equitability and performance of the government and NGOs relief assistance efforts during earthquake 2005. In general, there is a positive relationship between the amount o f emergency aid received by earthquake victims and their socio-economic conditions. Poor victims, owing to their weak political and economic power, receive much less assistance than rich victims. Results and Discussion Devastation of 2005 earthquake could be portrayed by housing destruction of affected regions.Data represents that 100% living was affected by disaster. In total, 75% people substantiated complete demolition of houses, while rest 25% claimed partial damage. Table 3 explains the area wise house damage caused by earthquake. Remarkably, data regarding house damage shows approximately similar trends as shown in district profiles prepared by ERRA. Table 3 Destruction of housing by 2005 Earthquake House damage Completely Damaged partially damaged Not damaged Total Bagh 80. 7% 18. 4% 0. 9% 100% Area wise equipment failure Mansehra Muzaffarabad 77. 5% 69. % 22. 0% 30. 1% 0. 6% 0. 00% 100% 100% Total 75. 2% 24. 4% 0. 4% 100% COPY RIGHT 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Bu siness Research 1731 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 Nearly, all the respondents reported that they had received the external aid in any form, both from governmental agencies, NGOs, INGOs, friends/relatives or from individual philanthropists. Collectively, about 85% respondents ranked NGOs and Government agencies topmost helping hands during relief phase.The remaining 15% reported that they explore assistance either from relatives, friends, neighbors, individual philanthropists and they ranked the same at top. The following abstract of the assistance received by victims is based on the response of 85% of respondents who availed some form of assistance. Table 4 shows selected characteristics of the respondents mainly they were segregated into four occupational groups farming, services, business, and others. Mountainous geographic location of the area is the reason that only 6. % of the selected macrocosm is eng aged in farming and 19. 7% in business profession. Moreover, majority of respondents (68%) were employed in services sector (including both public and private services). The analysis based on Chi-square test reveals that there was a significant difference in the occupational characteristics of respondents in all the three sites covered in the present Table 4 Percentage Distribution of Demographic characteristics of the respondents Characteristics Profession Farming Services Business Others Bagh 5. 4 69. 6 19. 6 5. 4 100 39. 13. 3 31. 9 15 100 25. 2 74. 8 100 55. 3 44. 7 100 Districts Mansehra Muzzaffarabad 11. 7 2. 6 59. 6 74. 7 20. 5 19. 1 8. 2 3. 6 100 100 47. 7 13. 8 23. 0 15. 5 100 22. 2 77. 8 100 52. 6 47. 4 100 46. 2 9. 7 25. 1 19. 0 100 38. 8 61. 2 100 48. 5 51. 5 100 Total 6. 5 68. 1 19. 7 5. 7 100 45. 2 12. 0 25. 9 16. 8 100 29. 7 70. 3 100 51. 6 48. 4 100 X2=18. 490 (df=6 p=0. 005) Education Illiterate 1-5 years 6-10 years Above 10 years X2=5. 531 (df=6 p=0. 478) Locality Urban Rural X2=13. 889 (df=2 p=0. 001) invoke Male Female Total X2=1. 451 (df=2 p=0. 484) study.Analysis indicates greater dependency of the affected area population on non-farming income generation sources. While in Mansehra (NWFP) 11% of respondents disclosed that their major source of income was agriculture which was highest engagement in farming throughout study area. The survey data revealed that sample consisted of 45% illiterate respondents. Further gender analysis shows that illiterate women ratio was significantly higher than male illiterate population i. e. 70% and 30% respectively of total 45%. Table 5 illustrates discriminating behavior of society regarding educational acilities to female population of the area. Chi-Squire test shows highly significant results, that is educational COPY RIGHT 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1732 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 level is drasticall y different between male and female population of selected area. Interestingly, official data regarding gender wise literacy also have approximately similar trends. Table 5 Gender wise breakdown of educational level of respondents (in Percentage) Illiterate 1-5 years Male 30. 64. 9 Female 69. 7 35. 1 Total 100. 0 100. 0 X2=76. 827 (df=3 p=0. 000) turn on Educational Level 6-10 years Above 10 years 64. 8 79. 0 35. 2 21. 0 100. 0 100. 0 Total 51. 6 48. 4 100. 0 The null hypothesis that there is no difference in provision of relief assistance to 2005 earthquake victims by Government and NGOs was tested by using Mann-Whitney test. Significance can be verified by comparing the computed test statistic (e. g. , U) with its critical value. By interpretation of the p (probability) value, it is observed that p= 0. 005, which is smaller than the 0. 05.Comparison of test statistics with its table value and the probability method both suggest the rejection of Null hypothesis which states that there is no significant difference between government-provided relief aid and that of NGOs. Further the higher mean rank for NGOs (518 vs. 467) supports the conclusion that the NGOs provided more relief items in better way to victims of 2005 earthquake than Government of Pakistan. Table 6 Comparison of Relief Support Groups N Mean Rank Government 492 467. 53 Relief Support NGOs 492 517. 47 Total 984 Test Statistics Test StatisticMann-Whitney U Wilcoxon W Z Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) Sum of Ranks 230022. 50 254597. 50 Relief Support 108744. 500 230022. 500 -2. 824 0. 005 Evidently performance is directly associated with satisfaction. Satisfaction is persons feeling of pleasure as a result of comparing a product perceived outcome in relation to his/her expectations. Consequently, if the performance exceeds the expectation, the beneficiary is very satisfied. If outcome equals the expectation, the telephone receiver is satisfied. But if the performance falls below the expectation, then th e recipient is dissatisfied.In this study Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon test is used to compare satisfaction shown by sufferers toward government and NGOs role during relief program. Test shows extremely significant results. Similar to 1st null hypothesis, 2nd null hypothesis is also significantly rejected, that is, there is no difference in satisfaction shown by victims towards NGOs and Government of Pakistan for relief provision. Further, it explains that NGOs (including both the indigenous and the international) prevailing in Pakistan have played an effective and impartial role in the distribution of relief assistance than did the government organizations.So results show that COPY RIGHT 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1733 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 credibility of NGOs bottom-up approach is higher than that of the government based on topdown directives. In so for as performance is concerned, people are more satisfied with the role played by NGOs/INGOs as compared to Government Agencies during the relief phase. Table 7 Comparison of Satisfaction Groups/Satisfaction Government NGOs Total Statistic Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon W Z Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) N 492 492 984 Mean Rank 354. 310976 630. 3689024 Sum of Ranks 174478. 5 310141. 5 Test Statistics Satisfaction 53200. 5 174478. 5 -15. 242 0. 000 finis In 2005, Pakistan experienced the most disturbing earthquake in its history. Pakistan government and humanitarian agencies initiated wide range of relief efforts for the survival of victims. This study is an effort to compare the relief disbursement efforts carried out by the NGOs and the government. Further, it looks at the possible association between socioeconomic characteristics of the disaster victims and the amount of assistance they received from the government and/or from the NGOs.To probe these objectives, this study used a primary data in which 500 household heads of 30 villages of 15 union councils of three districts have been interviewed. The analysis of data indicates that though both, government of Pakistan and NGOs played significant role during rescue and relief assistance, the majority of respondents reported that they were more satisfied by the NGOs work compared to government efforts. Further majority of the respondents believed that NGOs performed much better in relief provision than the government of Pakistan.Recognition to NGOs efforts could be due to non-bureaucratic working style, proper need assessment, ensuring victim date in decision making, acting as per sphere standards while helping the communities. Moreover, wide range of experience in working with effected communities and use of more participatory approach made them more efficient and successful. Respondents opinions regarding less efficient role of government could be due to unmet very high and irrational victims expectations. Further NGOs are supposed to work in specifie d area with having fewer responsibilities and more skills.Whereas governments working area and responsibilities are spread to all affected population regardless of degree of severity. Moreover, important policy implication of this study is that if government agencies would not handle relief efforts effectively and efficiently than donor agencies may consider their procedure and channelize future emergency aid and development funding through NGOs or sub-offices. This mistrust has been experienced by government of Pakistan in veritable flood disaster on both, public and donors ends.But optimistically this might lead to COPY RIGHT 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1734 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 expansion of NGOs in Pakistan. So government need not only develop institutional and technical skills to cope with future disasters but also consider expansion to NGOs as alternative to mitigate t he hazards and strive to strengthen them. COPY RIGHT 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1735 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS ReferencesJUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 Action Aid International (2006), The Evolving UN bundle up Approach in the Aftermath of the Pakistan Earthquake An NGO Perspective. Action Aid International, London. ADB-WB (2005), Preliminary damages and need assessmentPakistan 2005 earthquake, prepared by Asian Development Bank and World Bank, Islamabad, Pakistan, November 12, 2005. Amendola, Aniello, 2000, Earthquake Risk Management A case study for an Italian Region, International Institute for Applied Systems, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria. Benini, A. A. et al. , 2006, Survivor needs or Logistical Convenience?Factors Shaping Decisions to Delive Blackwell, doi10. 1111/j. 0361-3666. 2008. 01065. x Boyd, J. (2006), Preliminary report Future quakes in Pakistan inevitable, http//www. media. rice. edu/media/NewsBot . asp? MODE=VIEW=8166, Accessed on 23-04-2011 at 1700. MacFarland, T. W. (1998), Mann-Whitney U-Test viewed opulent 2010. http//www. nyx. net/tmacfarl/STAT_TUT/mann_whi. ssi Pakistan, Government of (2005), A review of Disaster Management Policies and Systems in Pakistan Islamabad. Pakistan, Government of (2006), Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority (ERRA), Annual Review 2005-06.Paul, B. K. 2002, Relief assistance to 1998 flood victims a comparison of the performance of the government and NGOs The Geographical journal, Vol. 169, No. 1, March 2003, pp. 75-89. Pomeroy, R. S, Blake D. Ratner & Stephen J. Hall 2006, Coping with disaster Rehabilitating coastal livelihoods and communities Elsevier, Marine Policy 30, PP 786793. Shaheen, M. A. (2007), Academic Institutions and Libraries of Pakistani Administered Kashmir A Pre and Post Earthquake Analysis, A Paper read on 73rd IFLA General Conference and Council held on 19-23 August 2007 at Durban, South Africa. Shaheen, M. A. (2008), Earthquake effects on educational institutions and libraries of Azad Kashmir An appraisal, Emerald, Vol. 57, No. 6, 2008, pp. 449-456. COPY RIGHT 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1736 copyright of Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business is the property of Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holders express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.

Citizen Bank Case

The merger of U. S. Citizen Bank and Louisiana Purchase Bank (LPB) in 1998 resulted in a formation of a financial powerhouse possessing core competencies in commercial lending and innovation. Upon recognizing the much needed annuity-driven market potential existing within the U. S. college population, the LPB pioneered the bookman credit card program in 1989. Indeed, the bookman credit card program proved to be more profitable with net income margin nigh 6 percent compared to that of 4 percent for non- schoolchild product offerings.In fact, LPB was collecting revenue on 60 percent of its accounts. The sheer magnitude of credit enjoyment among college students caught publics attention. Well respected college professors claimed direct correlation between credit institutions success and college students irresponsible financial behavior leading to debt and higher drop-out rates. delinquent to this increased public awareness, The U. S.General Accounting Office (GAO) initiated an investi gatory report to further analyze the magnitude of student credit card usage and its consequences on students academic, financial, and personal vigorous-being. The GAO asked LPBs head of Student Card Services division, Michelle Jeffries, to participate in a survey soliciting data pertinent to their college student accounts as well as information regarding LPBs marketing approach to this demographic.Data submitted would be compared to that of other (unnamed) financial institutions and published (in aggregate) without identifying individual responders. In addition, Michelle Jeffries was notified that a popular investigative television serial, 60 Minutes will be featuring a story on student credit cards and final causes to portray credit card make lovers in a negative light similar to that of tobacco companies. I believe Michelle is in the best position to be the key decision maker receivable to the fact that she has the most insight into divisional operations, objectives, and valu es.She is the leader of the student credit card services division and should be the one to decide and communicate close steps after having gathered input from other constituents including the President, Risk Manager and other employees. Michelle necessarily to consider the interests of U. S. Citizen Bank, its employees and shareholders, all calling for a profitable and easy makeup.In addition, she needs to consider the rights of general public and media to know what U. S.Citizen Banks ultimate objectives are, including its corporate values and goals. Does U. S. Citizen Bank need to have a moral obligation to look after the best interests of customers it serves? If so, what is in college students best interest when it comes to credit cards? Is it ethical to be given credit to students? Finally, Michelle needs to judge about her own virtues and character in addition to those of the organization. What virtues does the company value the most? Do those align with her personal vir tues?The most important ethical issue at hand is the implied allegation that success of U. S Citizen Banks Student Card Services division was at the expense of college students financial well-being. That begs the research of moral obligation and the ethics of extending credit to college students. Another important ethical issue is U. S. Citizen Banks response to the public in regards to the GAO survey as well as 60 Minutes. The bank is being asked to disclose confidential customer information as well as their business and marketing plans.Lastly, Michelle needs to marry her own personal values to those of the organization which she leads. She has a solid track record of being genuine, fair and ethical and she needs to lead the organization keeping those core values in mind. Lastly, she needs to assure those shared values are actually being practiced. Michelle is presented with the following possible options. She could disregard GAOs request for information on grounds of protecting customer privacy as well as corporate business and marketing plans in name of promotional and marketing strategies.She could also choose not to publically target 60 Minutes to avoid the possibility of self-imposed negative attention on U. S. Citizen Bank in relation to the series. Another viable option would be to submit the pass on information to the GAO as well as publicly address the 60 Minutes series while firmly defending companys current strategy without identifying any holes or areas for improvement. The third option would be to respond to the GAOs request as well as release a public statement in response to the 60 Minutes series clearly identifying U.S. Citizen Banks corporate values, objectives and responsibilities to all of its stakeholders.In both responses, Michelle could acknowledge things the corporation believes theyve done right as well as things they could and plan to improve on in response to helping college students become more financially responsible when it comes to credit card debt. Michelle should respond to the GAO survey by submitting requested account data and marketing information while emphasizing companys strong commitment to customer privacy and onfidentiality of information submitted.She should address the 60 Minutes series by clearly identifying and defending her organizations values and commitment to its customers. She should highlight companys accomplishments and strides in the area of student credit card education programs. Furthermore, she should identify areas of improvement with well-defined action plans that will elevate the organization to the next level vs. merely pointing out weaknesses to the competitors.The boilersuit theme should re-iterate companys commitment to all of its stakeholders, acknowledging what theyve done to support that commitment followed by an action plan to further evolve and improve their student credit card education programs. They should raise the bar for all credit card issuers on educating college students on responsible use of credit cards. More importantly, they should publicly acknowledge their ethical responsibility to provide customers with information necessary to make sound financial decisions.Michelle also needs to ensure external communication aligns with the inner(a) translation in order to successfully execute publicly announced action plan. Internal stakeholders need to be assured that external message is honest and action-driven and not just a media spin to protect companys interests. An internal communication to employees and shareholders should clearly translate the external message into sustainable semipermanent profitability and well-being of the company.Considering the interests of all parties involved, the suggested approach is clearly the right one. By publicly acknowledging and recognizing an increased concern surrounding college students credit card debt, they will adopt publics sympathy and respect. By choosing to do something about it via a w ell defined action plan, they will gain publics trust. By gaining publics trust, they will gain a more loyal and increased customer base which will contribute to companys semipermanent profitability.In addition, this approach will clearly communicate companys values and traits of responsible corporate citizenship which will set an example for other companies in their industry, including their competitors. One might argue the organization should really re-evaluate the business they are in as it may not be morally responsible to extend credit cards to students. I would argue that the morality question certainly does come into play and should definitely be considered when deciding on tactics employ to promote and market credit cards to students.However, the actual extension of credit to students, by its nature, is not unethical. In fact, when utilized properly, it serves students interests by allowing them to build credit memoir while teaching financial responsibility and spending wi thin means. In conclusion, while credit lending geared towards college students is not considered unethical business to be in, marketing techniques utilized to promote such products and service may certainly cross ethical boundaries.

Learning is a major part of life. Essay

People tend to learn in either steps of their life. Learning does not necessarily involve complex terms, it can also be primitive things that keeps happening in day to day life of an individual. E rattlingbody has different interest, likewise they ready a different pattern of learning things. Some flock learn faster through visual medium, some through audio, and some just committal to writing down the things depending upon what the subject matter is. I believe that learning process does not start when one settles in a formal environment that it start right from the birth of an individual.Walking, talking, decision making etc. ar some examples including every other primary things are the result of learning. Every judgment of conviction anyone has to acquire a new skills, they need to be focused and scrutinize the subject matter thoroughly, that is how learning happens. Learning affects the confidence of a person as well. If someone learn things quickly than they have higher con fidence in doing things and learning new things as well.After going through the video oppose of times I realized that one who puts hard work and devotion in learning new things can automatically adapt into the ways the things are done and will become successful. I myself am very much interested in music and vaguely inspired by the beauty of it. I think music can be the most influential thing in an individual life. Music can make a person depressurise after a hard day at work, cure the illness, provides maximum level of comfort to an individual.Being so much influenced on music I have managed to learn a very few instruments and it always gives me pleasure and comfort when I am playing them. But I do not want to stop here. I want to learn more about music. I want to be able to read the music and understand every keys and notation in it. I want to be a musician like David Gilmour from the greatest band ever, Pink Floyd, who is able to play any attract musical instrument that exists in planet today.I am currently doing my major in Business with Information Technology however in inn to fulfill my ambition in music I have also planned to take music as my minor subject and later on carry it as my profession along with myBusiness major degree. It is very much important to me because of my vague interest in it, but mostly it makes me very happy.Finally, I am profoundly inspired from the video that I just watched and it helped me to boost up my morale. I do have much respect for the people attempting to make things happen and these people are just one of those few who dare to take the challenges and do something that makes difference to others.

Assessment Worksheet Essay

1. What section of the SOX compliance integrity requires proper controls and hence, security controls, to ensure the confidentiality and integrity of financial reading and recordkeeping at bottom an IT infrastructure? Explain the information contained in this section. SOX Section 404 mandates that all publicly-traded companies must establish natural controls and procedures for financial reporting and must enumeration test and maintain those controls and procedures to ensure their effectiveness. The purpose of SOX is to reduce the possibilities of corporate fraud by increasing the niggardness of procedures and requirements for financial reporting. 2. Who is Richard Scrushy and why is he relevant to SOX?Richard Scrushy first CEO charged with violating the SOX Act. He was owner and interrupt of HealthSouth Corp 3. Who, under SOX, is legally accountable for marching and approving the integrity of the attach to and its financial reporting to the irregular and other financial or ganizations? Under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the CEO and CFO of publicly traded companies to certify the appropriateness of their financial statements and disclosures and to certify that they fairly present. 4. What is the difference between a form 10-K and a form 10-Q, and who must submit these to the Securities fill in Commissions (SEC) for publicly traded company financial reporting? 10-K is a companys annual report that is showd annually & make public. 10-Q is the companys quarterly report. Upper management of major companies is to submit these to the Securities Exchange Commissions. 5. What qualifies as a large accelerated filer, and how long after the end of the quarter do they have to file their quarterly financial report?A company that meets conditions of a million dollar amount has been result to periodic reporting requirements pursuant to Exchange Act Sections for certain amount of time, has previously filed at least one annual report pursuant, and is not eligible to fil e Small Business forms. They have75 days after the end of their quarter they have to file their quarterly financial report. 6. Where would someone go in pose to find the quarterly and annual reports for a publicly traded company? A person would go to a companys webpage to find quarterly and annual reports for publicly traded company. Each companyshould have an investor dealing section.7. Go into the Edgar Database and find the most recent 10K or 10Q for Microsoft, Nike, and Cisco. Who signed off on the 10K for each of those companies? Microsoft appurtenant Director, Nike Assistant Director, and Cisco Assistant Director. 8. What are some of the criminal penalties for falsifying documents, or covers up information tie in to financial matters and SOX? Some of the criminal penalties for falsifying documents or cover ups information related to financial matters and SOX are imprisonment. Imprisonment varies on situation.9. What is the Japanese version of SOX, and what agency oversees its implementation? JSOX is the Japanese version of SOX. This is overseen by ULVAC Technologies. 10. Of what was Dennis Kozlowski convicted, and how is it related to SOX? Dennis Kozlowski was convicted for crimes related to authorized bonuses, purchase of art, and other high cost money involvement. Its related to SOX because fraud for public companies. 11. What is the link between SOX compliance law and information systems security? Section 302 and 404 regular though they do not mention IT12. What sections within SOX compliance law pertain to needing proper indispensable controls? Section 302 and 404 are needed for proper internal controls to be in compliant with SOX. 13. Explain how these sections within SOX compliance law require proper security controls as it relates to having internal controls. The need for strong internal controls is not limited to public companies, however. Effective internal controls provide all management teams with repeatable and time-tested information tools that allow them to identify, manage, and mitigate risk on an ongoing basis14. Why are vice Presidents and other executive managers who are privy to financial performance data considered insiders to a publicly traded company as defined by the Security Exchange Commission (SEC)? They would be considered insiders because of the information they have from internal resources. 15. True or False. SOX compliance law now holds CEOs and CFOs of publicly traded companies accountable for their actions as officers in a publicly traded company.

History and Origin of the Ancient Olympic Games Essay

The quaint exceeding games represent a part of Ancient Grecian memorial that the arna continues to celebrate directly. Every tetrad years earth nations gather at a specific tar fare to compete in the Olympic games. This coming together of world nations symbolizes a time of peace and accordance among the world. With every victory came extol, glory and pride for the winning athlete and their country. The history and origin of the Olympic games includes apparitional celebrations, mythical stories as well all embracing Greeces love and respect of pure athleticism. This paper will discuss the history and origin of the ancient Olympic games. It will elaborate upon the fact that the history and origin of the Olympic games include spiritual celebrations, mythical stories as well as embrace Greeces love and respect of pure athleticism.Establish ment of Games in capital of WashingtonThe Olympic games pertain to a severalize event on the international level, which features winte r, and summer sports and invites thousands of athletes for the purpose of participation in various competitions. The Olympic games are ack straightledged as the leading competition of sports globally, in which there are over 200 nations as participants1. The Ancient Olympic games were established in Olympia in 776 BC, creating an institution that would continue throughout the world for thousands of years.Initially, from the eighth century BC to the 4th century AD, the ancient Olympic games got their origin in Olympia, Greece. some(prenominal) studies give an account of the ancient Olympics, which, according to their observation, were held in Greece approximately 3,000 years back. Though they were very ancient in origin, they started being considered and called as classical games already by the end of the 6th century BC. By that time, there were three sporting festivals, which had gained remarkable significance as well aspopularity. They include the Nemean Games at Nemea the Pythia n games, held at Delphi and the Isthmian Games, which were held near Corinth. Later, there were various similar festivals, which took place in around cl cities, including Odessus, Alexandria, Rome, Antioch, and Naples.There have been various legends and myths connected with the background and origin of the ancient Olympic games. They are a mirror image of the Greek civilizations mythic-religious nature. For instance, in the ancient Greece, it was a tradition and religious binding that all the festivals and celebrations were to be performed in honor of a particular divinity. Thus, these Olympic games and related festivals were conducted nether the patronage of the Greek leader of the pantheon of gods, Zeus. It is said that the Olympia was marked by Zeus as his revered z one through bolt of thunder, which he flung on Mount Olympus from his throne.It is said that to mark that betoken spot, a stunning altar of Zeus was created at Olympia, which is situated in the North from his specta cular temple. Then, there is other very remarkable myth regarding the Olympics with reference to the Hercules, the greatest Greek hero. It is said that in order to get freedom from the slavery to King Eurystheos of Argos, the hero had to complete twelve labors. Once, the Hercules was done with it, he celebrated the achievement by making a clearing in the orchard, laying out the borders of the Altis, and establishing the Olympic games in honor of Zeus. He determined the distance for the race in a special way for six 100 times, he placed one foot in front of the other2.Establishment of the Olympic CalendarThe Greeks had a different schedule for holding the Olympic games. They observed that 99 lunar months made eight solar years. Therefore, they established a new calendar, which was known as the octaeteris and was around 99 lunar months. They arranged the calendar in such a way that there were eight years in which each of the louver years contained twelve months and the rest three years comprised of 13 months. The extra three months were inserted in the 3rd, 5th, and 8th years.It was believed by the Greek historians that the Greeks kept the 8-year calendar when the Olympic games were invented in the 776 BC. Later, the two four-year periods were measured as the octaeteris one of the 50 months and one of 49 months and they madethese 4-year periods known as the Olympiads3. These four years periods exist today as well, and in the month of February, after every four years, a leap day is added up and the Olympics are conducted. Thus, the Olympic games are held according to the Olympic Calendar based on a four year Olympiad.Sacred TruceThe truce carries the meaning the break of hostilities and the holding of hands in the Greek language. It had begun in the form of a month-long Holy Treaty between King Lykourgos of Sparta, King Iphitor of Elis, and King Kleosthenes of Pisa in 824 BC. A bronze discus had the terms of this truce carved upon it, and it was kept in Alti s, in the tabernacle of Hera at Olympia. The Truce was mainly meant to deliver peace and harmony all across Greece. It covered the hobby clauses Armies and weapons were not permitted to acquaint Elis The hostile areas were safe for travelling of the attendees whose city-state was at war There was no consent for the death penalties.Before the beginning of the Olympic festivals, the intelligence service of the truce was spread through the three news bearers, decorated with garland of olive, and staff carriers, who went to every city of Greece. It was the duty of the herald to confirm the festivals date in order to invite the residents to move and attend as well as to inebriate the truce of Olympic. Thus, they were known as the truce-bearers (spondophoroi) and the permanent legal advisors to the Eleans and official warrantors of the truce. The sacred truce played an substantial role in the Olympics. Before the truce, the mainland Greece region was disturbed by the unrest and civil wars. However, after the refuge was guaranteed to the wad by sacred truce, the ancient Olympic games got popularity and became a source of unity and peace amongst the people of Greece.Athletes in the Olympic gamesUntil the 1970s, the Olympic athletes were not permitted to accept any pick out of prizes or endorsements, and no professionals were permitted to enter into the competition of Olympic games. The professional athletes were thought to have undue gain over the participants who played the games as their hobby. The victor in the ancient Olympic was given first prize when the competitionended. The herald inform the name of the winner, and, a Greek Judge, Hellanodikis, would put a palm branch in his hands, and the audience threw flowers at him and cheered him. In order to symbolize victory, red ribbons were tied on his hands and head.4 On the last day when the games completed, an official award ceremony would be conducted, at the prominent foyer at Zeus temple. The Olymp ic winners name, with his father and homelands name would be announced loudly. The Hellanodikis would then, place the sanctified wreaths of olive tree, or kotinos, on the head of the winner5.In the ancient Olympic games, the participants were all the free virile citizens of Greece, irrespective of their social status. Diagoras, a member of a royal family from Rhodes Polymnistor, a shepherd Orsippos, Alexander I, news of Amyndas and King of Macedonia a general from Megara and Democritus, a philosopher, all participated in the Olympics. The only people not allowed to participate in the ancient Olympics were the married women. 4 Ancient Olympic Games, Olympic.org. 2012, 5 Ancient Olympic Games, Olympic.org. 2012 However, those women who were case-by-case were permitted to attend and watch the competition.The goddess of fertility, priestess of Demeter, was permitted an honored place next to the altar of Stadium. Athletic Events Divisions divided between men and boys would divide ath letic events. According to the writings of Pausanias, the first Olympic event was the foot race. The victor was Coroebus.6 This sign foot race was known as the stadion. The athletes would sprint for one stade or the length of the stadium. 7 14 festivals later the double foot race was added. This race was known as a two-stade race or two lengths of the stadium. Long distance races were added ranging from seven to twenty-four stades. 8 Another stade event involved athletes foot race between two and four stades wearing full military armor.This armor weighed about fifty cardinal pounds. The Pentathlon would be added as well. The Pentathlon include five different events. The events included discus, javelin, jumping, running and wrestling. This event is still included in todays Olympic games. Chariot racing would be one of the equestrian events the ancient Greeks included in the games. There were two and four horse chariot races. According to Plato, the folk with the battered ears (P lato) described the athletes who participated in the sport of boxing.9 6. Pausanias, 5.1-157. perseus.tufts.edu/edu8.Pausanias, 5.1-159. perseus.tufts.edu/eduRome and the Eventual End of the Olympic gamesThe family memorial monument of the Philip II of Macedonia was being constructed at Olympia, and his son, Alexander the Great, witnessed the completion. Philip II and his offspring attributed a huge importance to Olympia. They offered financial help and gifts to the Olympia and were a source of inspiration for the other rich donors, who started doing the same. When the Classical period was near its end, the attitude towards the Games started to diminish, which alike reflected the eventual downfall in ancient Greeces history.10 Where once Zeus was worshipped, winners now placed their coronets at the foot of their benefactor god and where once all the triumph and success was credited to the help of the deities, now it was ruled and commanded by the athletes in the glory of their pers onal achievements and successes. The religious importance of the Olympic games begun to decline, and it became more of a world-premiere athletic contest than a religious festival.This era focused mainly on athletes instead of the divine spirits, and it was clear in the construction of facilities at Olympia. It was between the 1st and 3rd centuries that more facilities to assist the athletes were built, which included the development to the athletes baths, a palaistra, a big practice gym for the track competitors, and a stadium sort of place to help the athletes train and practice for the jumping and combat events. In the earlier years of the second century BC, there begun the romish intervention in Hellenic affairs, and they end up directly distinguished rules on Macedonia and Greece and ending the independence of Greece in 146 BC. Thus, it was the end of the religious Olympics and the fall of Greece.It was the end of Greece, the beginning of the Roman period, and the beginning of the end of the Olympic games. 10.http//www.richeast.org/htwm/Olympics/olympics.htmlReinstatement of the Olympic gamesThe short renaissance of the ancient Olympic games was marked by thepolitical stability and economic and cultural revival of the Roman occupation. However, the games were no longer holy festivals they glowering into gladiator contests, which were extremely bloody and violent. Later, these games were also acknowledged as international under the wide-ranging coverage of the Roman citizenship and were then appreciated and enjoyed by many another(prenominal) regions including Egypt. Royal benefaction contributed to the improvement in the pickle of Olympia, and it befitted that of a Roman showpiece. Comprehensive repairs and modifications were made to the temple of Zeus many other buildings were also change according to the new construction trends. Moreover, athletic facilities and new monuments were also dedicated for the holding of Olympic games. endpointThe ancien t Olympic games were rich in culture and traditions. The origin of the Olympic games has enthralled and fascinated many students, historians, and archeologists in their quest to uncover the mysteries behind them. Throughout time, the ancient Olympic games have survived wars and natural disasters, they were shortly abolished but brought back to life, and now it is a worldwide-celebrated tradition.Bibliography1. Ancient Olympic Games, Olympic.org. 2012. http//www.olympic.org/ancient-olympic-games2. Olympic-Legacy. Myths &Legendshttp//www.pe04.com/olympic/olympia/legends_o.php 3. Pausanias, http//www.theoi.com/Text/Pausanias5A.html74. http//www.perseus.tufts.edu/Olympics/index.html5. http//www.richeast.org/htwm/Olympics/olympics.html6. Vaughan, Valerie. The Origin of the Olympics Ancient Calendars and the Race Against

Low Socio-Economic Status People and Their Impact on University

pocket-size socio-economic status mint and their adjoin on university fight, choice of university and choice of course in Australia There wait to be persistent inequalities in Australian luxuriouslyer command alliance. Over the last two decades the participation come for number one socio-economic status chemical base have only slightly improved despite improvements in access (Centre for the resume of Higher Education, 2008, p. 15).After the Bradley floor which was written fol smalling the review of higher instruction corpse in 2008, the Australian government has introduced many policies and financial assistance for this demographic in hope of increase the participation strays to 20 per centime by 2020 (Department of Education, Employment, and Workplace Relations, 2008, p. xiv). However, despite steady increases in overall tertiary participation, the inequalities still re master(prenominal). People with humble socio-economic status be non as successful in applyin g or gaining access to to a greater extent prestigious institutions as those with medium or high socio-economic status atomic number 18 ( crowd together, 2007, p. ). It is not only participation at university level that is affected with this imbalance. Significant social contraventions can be seen across different universities as well as different fields of study (Reay et al. 2001, p. 858). Study by Ferguson and Simpson (2011) has raise, and mob (2007) agrees, that students with moo socio-economic background are not so successful in gaining entry into the courses with more competitive entry requirements like medicine, law or architecture.These students were more concentrated in courses such as information, nursing, IT and business (James, 2007, p. 7). James (2007, p. 7) believes that the give tongue to(prenominal) is true for the high demand universities, where low socio-economic status students hold a share of only 11 per cent of all places. These differences can be somewh at accredited to the geographical location of these more prestigious universities as they are mainly situated in the metropolitan areas. However, at that place are other factors that contribute to this imbalance more so.Some experts believe that students who come from disadvantage backgrounds may not aspire to attend these universities believing that it is not an achievable goal, or they may not perform academically well enough for more competitive courses. Other studies indicate that it is in fact the psychological factors which reach socioeconomic imbalances in higher education participation. This paper leave look at rates of participation, aspirations, susceptibility and psychological factors and their affect on the decision make action of low socio-economic status students when it comes to higher education.It will argue that there is enough supporting evidence to conclude that this demographic does not have a lot of impact on university participation, choice of universit y or choice of course. While overall higher education participation rates have improved, socio-economically disadvantaged people are least represented group in Australian higher education. James (2007, p. 2) states that social class is the single most reliable predictor of the likelihood that one-on-ones will participate in higher education at some stage in their lives.Undergraduate Applications, Offers and Acceptances handle from the Department of Education, Employment and Work Relations, states that in 2011, 18. 6 per cent of all applicants were from low socio-economic backgrounds, compared to 30. 6 per cent of applicants from high socio-economic group (DEEWR, 2011, p. 15). It also reports that even though applications by low socio-economic status applicants were up by 3. 4 per cent they were less likely to result in an offer. Low socio-economic status applicants had an offer rate of 79. per cent compared to 83. 5 per cent for applications from high socio-economic status applica nts (DEEWR, 2011, p. 15). Even though the rates for applications and offers to higher education for low socio-economic demographic have slightly increased, according to DEEWR (2011), this demographic continues to be the least represented at university level. One of the reasons that could explain the current higher education participation numbers by people from low socio-economic background is aspiration.It has to be get hold ofed as one of the principal issues in students decision making process. According to the English dictionary, to aspire, it means to have a strong desire to achieve something. Consequently, to attend university, an individual needs to aspire to do so. Bowden and Doughney (2010), in their study of secondary students in the Hesperian suburbs of Melbourne, have found that those with tear down socio-economic status have fewer aspirations to attend university. Instead, they aspire to attend a vocational learning institution or gain employment. Difference in spira tions among different demographics is mainly influenced by individuals social systems, such as class, ethnicity, gender, customs and religion (Bowden & Doughney, 2010, p. 119). Furthermore, in his research for the Department of Education, Science and Training, James has found that there is a strong relationship between parental education levels and young peoples educational aspirations (DEST, 2002, p. 51). Bowden and Doughneys study results are consistent with James let onings, as well as Bourdieus concept of cultural capital, which Harker et al. (cited in Webb et al. 002, p. 22) defined as culturally valued render and consumption pattern. Therefore, it can be said that those who come from low socio-economic background are at a disadvantage when it comes to entering higher education due to the fact that they were not brought up with the intellect of attending university. Academic operation or students ability is seen as another eventful factor that needs to be considered when s tudying inequalities in higher education. This is because in Australia, university enrolment process relies heavily on individuals academic achievement.Students academic record is seen as a main way of entry into the university and acquiring all the benefits that come with having a degree. Teese (cited in Ferguson & Simpson, 2011, p. 33) proposed that almost half of low socio-economic status students obtain scores in the lowest academic bands and that only small number of these students receives high academic scores. Ferguson and Simpson conclude that this is due to fewer resources, such as educational, cultural, social and financial, that are available for this group of students, rather than neglect of ability.Cardak and Ryan (2009) have come to the similar conclusion. They have found that academic scores of low socio-economic status students are lower due to the fact that their archaeozoic educational achievements are also lower in comparison to the more advantaged students and their achievements (Cardak & Ryan, 2009, p. 444). Both Ferguson and Simpsons and Cardak and Ryans studies agree that students with same ability and same academic scores have the same likelihood of attending university regardless of their socio-economic status.They also agree that the smell of academic results rises with the status. Thus, as they dont have access to as many resources as their more privileged peers, low socio-economic status students are at a disadvantage when it comes to securing a place at university. Although aspirations and academic ability are very important factors in higher education inequality, it could be said that the psychological factors have most of the influence on persons decision to attend university.Students from low socio-economic background are more conscious of the existence of barriers to their entering higher education (Harris, 2005, p. 4) and are not likely to encounter diverse influences that might persuade them to participate in higher educa tion (DEST, 2002, p. 50). James believes that students from this demographic are more likely to be doubtful about their academic ability and achievement and they would possibly be lacking financial support (DEST, 2002, p. 50).He also states that they have less confidence in parental support and a stronger interest in earning an income as soon as they leave school. The perceptions and beliefs held by people with low socio-economic status can all be regarded as habitus, which is described as somatic predispositions that are learned early in the life of a young person (Harris, 2005, p. 4). As they lack role models, it is very difficult for these young people to see university participation as something that is relevant to them or something they could achieve (Harris, 2005, p. ). In their UK based study of working class secondary students, Reay et al. (2001, p. 865) have found that this group of students were choosing universities where they were most likely to fit in, as they felt mor e comfortable attending such university and where they could find intellectual and social peers. Psychological factors play an important role in the decision making process due to the emotions attached to them. Low socio-economic status students seem to have a lot more to consider when deciding on their higher education pathway.As the evidence would suggest, students from low socio-economic background, have very little impact on university participation, choice of university or choice of course at present time. According to the government reports, students from disadvantaged backgrounds are highly under-represented at university level. Thus, higher education in Australia is far from being level playacting field for some demographics. The most current review of higher education shows that the participation rates at university in general, as well as different courses and institutions are considerably lower for those ith low socio-economic status. The difference between low and high s ocio-economic status groups is quite significant, despite the governments efforts to improve these numbers by implementing new policies and strategies. As discussed in this paper, the reasons for inequality are varied and complex. However, most of the researchers agree that it is the family attitudes that are at the core of the problem. These attitudes have enormous influence on students decision making process. However, there is always a possibility for change.Australian universities, in conjunction with schools and governments help, need to emphasis on developing new social networks and transforming set beliefs of disadvantaged students. These changes could be achieved through the use of early interventions and positive role models during middle schooling. Only with successful attitude changes will the higher education participation numbers improve for this particular demographic. References Bowden, MP & Doughney, J 2010, Socio-economic status, cultural diversity and the aspirati ons of secondary students in the western suburbs of Melbourne, Australia, High Education, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 115-129, SpringerLink, viewed 2 October 2012. Cardak, BA & Ryan, C 2009, Participation in higher education in Australia equity and access, Economic Record, vol. 85, no. 4, pp. 433-448, Wiley Online Library 2012 Full Collection, viewed 25 kinfolk 2012. Centre for the Study of Higher Education 2008, Participation and Equity A Review of the participation in higher education of people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds and Indigenous people, Universities Australia and the Centre for the Study of Higher Education (CSHE), University of Melbourne, viewed 4 October 2012, Department of Education, Employment, and Workplace Relations 2008, Review of Australian higher education Executive summary report prepared by D Bradley, H Noonan & B Scales, Department of Education, Employment, and Workplace Relations (DEEWR), Canberra, pp. xi-xviii, viewed 25 September 2012,